They include: (i) separation of kids from seropositive dams immediately at birth (ii) the use of heat-treated colostrum or SRLV-negative colostrum (iii) increase of culling rate and (iv) periodic serological surveillance and immediate segregation of seropositive goats. Since there is no vaccine or cure for CAE, prophylactic measures are very important. Other routes like the intrauterine transmission and sexual contact are considered neglected or minor. The SRLV can be transmitted from infected animals with or without clinical signs, mainly by the colostrum ingestion (vertical transmission) and by direct contact (horizontal transmission) in pasture or by animals trading. Occasionally, the infected ones may develop chronic interstitial pneumonia and progressive dyspnea. The clinical symptoms of CAE are arthritis, indurative mastitis and, more rarely, encephalomyelitis in juvenile. In goats, SRLV have a long incubation time and symptoms may be evident in only 10% of goats from a SRLV-infected herd. Genotypes C and D as well subtypes A5 to A7 circulate only in goats the subtype A2 circulates only in sheep, while subtypes A1, A3, A4, A6, B1 and B2 have been found in both species. Early phylogenetic studies suggested that SRLV can be divided into five genetic groups, A to E. Finally, the present work concludes with further suggestions for modelling studies on CAE.Ĭaprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE) disease is a world-wide goat infectious disease caused by Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLV). These studies modelled the dairy production, the CAE risk factors and the hypothesis of CAE being a risk factor for other diseases. Regarding the statistical modelling studies, the reviewed articles varied on modelling assumptions and goals. Regarding the epidemiological modelling studies, two groups of models have been addressed in the literature: With and without the sexual transmission component. The reviewed studies were divided into the following two major themes: Mathematical epidemiological modelling and statistical modelling. The purpose of the present work was to review the published studies, highlighting their scope, strengths and limitations, as well to provide ideas for future modelling approaches for studying CAE disease. However, the application of modelling techniques to CAE disease studies has not been significantly explored in the literature. For an incurable disease such as Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE), this knowledge is extremely valuable. Mathematical modelling is used in disease studies to assess the economical impacts of diseases, as well as to better understand the epidemiological dynamics of the biological and environmental factors that are associated with disease spreading. Finally, the present work concludes with further suggestions for modelling studies on Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis. Inside this group, the articles include models for dairy production, for risk factors of the disease and for Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis being a risk factor for other diseases. The second major theme is statistical modelling, which correlates the disease with biological and environmental factors to quantify its risks and impacts. Inside this group, the articles differ in considering or not considering the sexual transmission component. The first is epidemiological modelling, which use mathematical models which equations describe the disease dynamics over time. The reviewed studies were divided into two major themes. The purpose of the present work was to review the published studies, highlighting their scope, strengths and limitations, as well to provide ideas for future modelling approaches for this disease. ![]() However, the application of modelling techniques to study this disease has not been significantly explored in the literature. ![]() For an incurable disease such as Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis, this knowledge is extremely valuable. Mathematical modelling is used in disease studies to assess their economical impacts, as well as to better understand the epidemiological dynamics of the biological and environmental factors associated with disease spreading.
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